OPTI 513R

06/07

OPTI 513R. Optical Testing (3) I. Paraxial properties of optical systems, material qualification, ellipsometry, aberrations, basic interferometers, direct-phase measurement interferometry, measurement of surface quality, testing mirrors, windows, prisms, and cornercubes, measurement of index inhomogeneity, testing of spherical surfaces and lenses, aspheric testing, absolute measurements, and system evaluation.
P, OPTI 505R

Course Outline:

Introduction

1.       Measurement of Paraxial Properties of Optical Systems

         1.1    Thin Lenses

                  1.1.1       Measurements Based on Image Equation

                  1.1.2       Autocollimation Technique

                  1.1.3       Geneva Gauge

                 1.1.4       Neutralization Test

                  1.1.5       Focometer

         1.2    Thick Lenses

                  1.2.1       Focal Collimator

                  1.2.2       Reciprocal Magnification

                  1.2.3       Nodal-Slide Lens Bench

2.      Qualification of Optical Material

         2.1    Internal Defects

         2.2    Measurement of Refractive Index

                  2.2.1       Spectrometer

                                2.2.1.1       Basic Spectrometer Technique

                                2.2.1.2       Autocollimating Goniometer

                                2.2.1.3       Hilger Chance Refractometer

                  2.2.2       Critical Angle Systems

                                2.2.2.1       Abbe Refractometer

                               2.2.2.2        Pulfrich Refractometer

                  2.2.3       Ellipsometry

         2.3    Strain

         2.4    Mechanical and Thermal Properties

3.      Aberrations

         3.1    Sign Conventions

         3.2    Aberration Free Image

         3.3    Spherical Wavefront, Defocus, and Lateral Shift

         3.4    Angular, Transverse, and Longitudinal Aberration

         3.5    Seidel Aberrations

                  3.5.1       Spherical Aberration

                  3.5.2       Coma

                  3.5.3       Astigmatism

                  3.5.4       Field Curvature

                  3.5.5       Distortion

         3.6    Zernike Polynomials

         3.7    Relationship between Zernike Polynomials and Third-Order
                 Aberrations

         3.8    Peak-Valley and RMS Wavefront Aberration

         3.9    Strehl Ratio

         3.10  Chromatic Aberrations

         3.11  Aberrations Introduced by Plane Parallel Plate

         3.12  Aberrations of Simple Thin Lenses

         3.13  Conics

                  3.13.1     Basic Properties

                  3.13.2     Spherical Aberration

                  3.13.3     Coma

                  3.13.4     Astigmatism

         3.14  General Aspheres

4.      Basic Interferometry and Optical Testing

         4.1    Two Beam Interference

         4.2    Fizeau Interferometer

         4.3    Twyman-Green Interferometer

         4.4    Laser Based Fizeau

         4.5    Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

         4.6    Typical Interferograms

         4.7    Interferograms and Moiré Patterns

         4.8    Classical techniques for inputting data into computer

5.      Direct-Phase Measurement Interferometry

         5.1    Phase shifters

         5.2    Zero-Crossing Technique

         5.3    Phase-Lock Interferometry

         5.4    Up-Down Counters

         5.5    Phase-Stepping and Phase-Shifting (Integrated Bucket)

                  5.5.1       Algorithms

                  5.5.2       Phase-Unwrapping

                  5.5.3       Phase Shifter Calibration

                  5.5.4       Error due to Phase Shifter and Detector Nonlinearities

         5.6     Spatial Synchronous and Fourier Methods

         5.7     N-Point Techniques

         5.8     Vertical Scanning (Coherence Probe) Techniques

6.      Measurement of Surface Quality

         6.1    View transmitted or reflected light

         6.2    Mechanical Probe

         6.3    AFM

         6.4    Lyot Test

         6.5    FECO

         6.6    Nomarski Interferometer

         6.7    Sommargren Profiler

         6.8    Interference Microscope

7.      Testing Flat Surface Optical Components

         7.1    Mirrors

                  7.1.1       Fizeau Interferometer

                  7.1.2       Twyman-Green Interferometer

                  7.1.3       Ritchey-Common Test

                  7.1.4       Naked Eye Test

         7.2    Windows

                  7.2.1       Interferometer

                  7.2.2       Autocollimator

         7.3    Prisms

                  7.3.1       Interferometer

                  7.3.2       Goniometer

                  7.3.3       Autocollimator

                  7.3.4       Naked Eye Tests

         7.4    Corner Cubes

         7.5    Diffraction Grating

         7.6    Index inhomogeneity

8.      Testing of Curved Surfaces and/or Lenses

         8.1    Radius of Curvature

                  8.1.1       Spherometer

                  8.1.2       Autostigmatic Measurement

                  8.1.3       Newton's Rings

                  8.1.4       Interferometer and Radius Slide

         8.2    Surface Figure

                  8.2.1       Test Plate

                  8.2.2       Twyman-Green Interferometer (LUPI)

                  8.2.3       Fizeau (Laser source)

                  8.2.4       Spherical Wave Multiple Beam Interferometer (SWIM)

                  8.2.5       Shack Cube Interferometer

                  8.2.6       Scatterplate Interferometer

                  8.2.7       Smartt Point Diffraction Interferometer

                  8.2.8       Sommargren Diffraction Interferometer

                  8.2.9       Measurement of Cylindrical Surfaces

                  8.2.10     Star Test

                  8.2.11     Shack-Hartmann Test

                  8.2.12     Foucault Test

                  8.2.13     Wire Test

                  8.2.14     Ronchi Test

                  8.2.15     Lateral Shear Test

                  8.2.16     Radial Shear Test

9.      Special Interferometric Tests for Aspherical Surfaces

         9.1    Description of aspheric surfaces

         9.2    Null Test

                  9.2.1       Conventional null optics

                  9.2.2       Holographic null optics

                  9.2.3       Computer generated holograms

         9.3    Non-Null Test

                  9.3.1       Lateral Shear Interferometry

                  9.3.2       Radial Shear Interferometry

                  9.3.3       High-density detector arrays

                  9.3.4       Sub-Nyquist Interferometry

                  9.3.5       Long-Wavelength Interferometry

                  9.3.6       Two-Wavelength Holography

                  9.3.7       Two-Wavelength Interferometry

                  9.3.8       Moiré Interferometry

10.    Absolute Measurements

         10.1  Flat Surfaces

         10.2  Spherical Surfaces

         10.3  Surface Roughness

11.    System Evaluation

         11.1  Resolution Tests

         11.2  Veiling Glare

         11.3  Spread Function Measurement

         11.4  Encircled Energy Measurement

         11.5  Optical Transfer Function Measurement

                  11.5.1     Scanning Methods

                  11.5.2     Interferogram Analysis

                  11.5.3     Autocorrelation Method

Homework, Exams, and Grades:

The final grade in the course is calculated as follows:

• homework 20%

• mid-term (in-class, closed book) exam 30%

• final exam 50%

Recommended Text

• D. Malacara, Ed.,: Optical Shop Testing (Wiley Interscience).

• Eric P. Goodwin and James C. Wyant, Field Guide to Interferometric Optical testing (SPIE)

For more information

Professor Wyant's Optics 513 homepage

Professor Wyant's CV