Holography and Diffractive Optics (3 units). This course describes the nature of holographic and lithographically formed diffraction gratings and the tools necessary for their design and analysis. Course topics include a description of the interference and Fourier relations that determine the amplitude of diffracted fields, analysis of volume gratings, properties of holographic recording materials, computer generating holograms, binary gratings, analysis of applications of holography including data storage, fiber Bragg gratings, polarization control elements, and associative memories. Prerequisites: OPTI 502 & 505R, or ECE 459/559.

Instructor:
Raymond K. Kostuk
Office: ECE 556E; Lab: ECE 249
Phone: 621-6172
Email: kostuk@ece.arizona.edu

Office Hours:
Tuesdays/Thursdays: 3:15-4:15

Lecture Content:

1. Basic concepts
   1. Differences between holographic and lens imaging
   2. Historical background –X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, ultrasound scattering, Lippmann photography
   3. Overview of applications of holography


2. Introduction - terminology
   1. Absorption and phase modulation
   2. Thin and Thick gratings – Bragg condition
   3. Transmission and Reflection gratings – show diagram of different possible holographic configurations using two point sources
   4. Image properties – image fidelity
   5. Diffraction efficiency
   6. Interferometric and Computer Generated holograms
   7. Recording geometries
   8. Materials used for holography and material characteristics


3. Basic Holographic Recording Process
   1. Construction, exposure, and reconstruction- real and virtual image
   2. Relation between basic holographic processes and the response of photographic film
   3. Enhanced scattering from a periodic structure – grating equation grating period
   4. Example – interference of two plane waves using propagation vectors
   5. Grating vector – calculation from propagation vectors –examples


4. Analysis of Holographic Recordings – spatial frequency anlysis
   1. In-Line, Gabor type hologram – analytical equations
   2. Analysis of zone plate –basic concepts of focus, phase matching at different locations on the aperture.
   3. Off-axis hologram


5. Fourier Analysis of gratings
   1. Review of Rayleigh Sommerfeld far-field diffraction formulas
   2. Diffraction patterns from rectangular and circular apertures
   3. Fourier analysis of periodic absorption and phase grating apertures
   4. Fourier analysis of off-axis gratings
   5. Different types of holograms characterized by Fourier properties.


6. Image analysis of holograms
   1. Exact ray tracing
   2. Aberrations of holographic lenses –basic aberration characteristics
   3. Monochromatic aberrations.
   4. Spectral dispersion of gratings
   5. Modeling HOEs


7. Hologram Recording Requirements
   1. Coherence – temporal and spatial
   2. Temporal coherence of sources with finite Δν and Δt
   3. Visibility, mutual degree of coherence
   4. Coherence, polarization rotation effects on visibility
   5. Coherence of multimode lasers
   6. Spatial filters
   7. Ideal recording material properties


8. Coupled wave analysis
   1. Kogelnik’s analysis
   2. Basic description of diffraction efficiency modeling
   3. Transmission holograms
   4. Reflection holograms
   5. DE of TE and TM polarization
   6. Basic description of other types of approx models – Raman Nath
   7. Moharam’s criteria for thin and thick holograms
   8. Introduction to rigorous coupled wave analysis
   9. Sequential and simultaneous hologram multiplexing
   10. Effects of absorption during construction


9. Holographic materials –recent developments
   1. Silver halide films
   2. Dichromated gelatin
   3. Holographic photopolymers
   4. Photoresists
   5. Photorefractive crystals


10. Computer generated holograms
    1. Detour phase
    2. Interferometric encoding
    3. Example problem


11. Digital Holography
    1. Recording and reconstructing holograms on digital cameras
    2. Resolution and recording requirements
    3. Holographic microscope
    4. Optical sectioning


12. Optical Data Storage
    1. System metrics: M#, material sensitivity
    2. Fourier transform configurations
    3. Multiplexing schemes
    4. Photorefractive and disk systems
    5. Phase masks
    6. Associative Memory Systems


13. Other Applications
    1. Fiber Bragg gratings
    2. Displays
    3. Spectral/spatial filtering
    4. Security identification
    5. Micro optic beam splitters and beam distribution systems
    6. Optical code division multiple access filters


14. Introduction to photonic bandgap materials and devices
    1. Effective medium theory
    2. Resonance mode grating filters
    3. Photonic Bandgap materials
    4. Device structures

HWKs (~6): 20%
Labs (~3-4): 10% (Start in Mid-September)
Mid Term Exam: 25%
Class Paper: 10%
Final Exam: 35%

Goodman, J.W. (1996). Introduction to Fourier Optics, (2^nd ed.). McGraw Hill

Coufal, H., Psaltis, D., and Sincerbox, G. (2000). Holographic Data Storage. Springer.

Hariharan, P. (1987). Optical Holography. Cambridge University Press.

Sinzinger, S. and Jahns, J. (1999). Microoptics. Wiley-VCH.