OPTI 435/535

06/07

OPTI 435/535. The class examines instrumentation and optics as they pertain to the human visual system.  The class is suited for both graduate and undergraduate students,  who have prerequisites in Geometrical and Fourier Optics. P, OPTI202R, 330 or OPTI 502, 512R.

Course Outline:

  1. What is vision?
    Physiology of the eye.  Average and range of sizes, shapes and indices of ocular components.  Overview of optical modeling.  Definition of visual acuity.  Familiar names:  Newton, Young, Helmholtz, Airy.
  2. Schematic eye models.
    Gullstrand-LeGrand and  Helmholtz models.  First-order properties.   Locations of cardinal points, Reduced eye.  Magnification, Definitions of near point, far point, myopia and  hyperopia. 
  3. Limitations of early eye models.
    Aspheric eye models: Lotmar, Kooijman, Navarro and my eye model.  Effects of  aspherics, Stiles-Crawford,  photopic response, diffraction.   Location of eye axis. 
  4. Aberrations - spherical, chromatic,  astigmatism (axial and oblique).  Techniques for measuring aberrations, Normal values.  Derivation of these quantities from raytrace data.  Retinal curvature. 
  5. Visual performance- theoretical resolution.
    Vernier  acuity, grating acuity,  Snellen acuity.  Vision charts.  Specification of visual acuity.  Contrast sensitivity. 
  6. Measurement of surface quality. 
    Fourier theory-  PSF, MTF, modulation threshold, Campbell and Green experiments.   Van Nes and  Bouman experiments.   Changes in contrast sensitivity.
  7. Double-pass measurement of PSF.
    Deconvolution.  Asymmetric passes.  Aberroscope.  Shack-Hartmann test.  Sampling issues and lateral inhibition. 
  8. Spherical  ametropia, cylindrical error.
    Shreiner disk, vector addition of crossed cylinders.   Correction with   sphero-cylindrical spectacle lenses.  Correction with spherical, aspheric and   toric contact lenses.  Prism ballast. 
  9. Autorefractors:  image analysis,  retinoscopic scanning and Scheiner disk types.   Lensmeters. 
  10. Accommodation with and without glasses, amplitude measurement, age changes, near addition.   Lens models.  Progressive lenses.  Spherical and astigmatic considerations. 
  11. Intraocular lenses.  Power calculations.  Multifocal contact and   intraocular lenses.  Aphakia  and  pseudophakia. 
  12. Other corrections:; RK/AK, PRK, ALK/LASIK,  orthokeratology,  interscleral ring. 
  13. Measurement of the anterior cornea.  Placido  disks,  stereo-photogrammetry and scanning slit devices.
  14. Measurement of the anterior corneal surface.  Height, slope and curvature representations of the cornea.  Derivation of relationships.   Keratometric index of refraction.  Representing a surface with  splines. 
  15. Orthogonal polynomials and their properties.   Representation of corneal surface with Zernike  polynomials.   Comparison of height and power map representations. 
  16. Applications of corneal topography.   Keratoconus detection:  Klyce,   Rabinowitz and Zernike schemes, contact lens fitting, wound healing analysis. 
  17. Measurement of corneal thickness- scanning slit,  pachymetry.   Measurement of the angle in glaucoma.   Gonioscopy. 
  18. Measurement of eye length and anterior chamber depth - ultra-sonography, scanning slit.  Measurement of lens shape and power - phakometry,  Purkinje images,   Scheimflug  imaging. 
  19. Measurement and imaging the retina.  Direct and indirect  ophthalmoscopy,  fundus camera.  Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope.  Optical coherence   tomography.  Applications:  glaucomia screening, nerve fiber layer measurement. 
  20. Pupil based measurements - binocular  Bruckner  test, eccentric  photorefraction, retinoscopy : reversal, neutralization, speed. 
  21. Interaction of the eye with microscopes telescopes.  Aberration considerations.  Low vision aids. 
  22. Stereopsis.  Stereoscopes, random dot  stereograms.  Heads-Up displays.  Virtual reality headsets. 
  23. Visual Fields, Spatial and temporal summation.  Perimetry : tangent screen, Goldman projection, static and kinetic.   Scotomas. 
  24. Scotopic  vision.  Perkinje  shift, contraction of visual field,  Troxler phenomenon intensification,  autokinetic movement phenomenon.  Night myopia. 
  25. Photometry and radiometry,  MPE levels, transmission, reflectance and absorption of ocular elements. 
  26. Presentation of visual information.   CRTs, Newtonian viewing,  Maxwellian view, color matching.  Additive and subtractive color mixing. 
  27. Color vision - trichromatic  vs. opponent-process theories.  Spectral response of cone pigments.  Color blindness. 
  28. Colorimetry - sources, spectrometry.  Standard illuminants,   metamers,  hue, saturation, determination of chromaticity.  CIE charts. 
  29. Calibration of color systems.  Transformation between color systems.   RGB,  HSV,  HSB, Lab,  Luv.
  30. Illusions

Homework, Exams and Grades:

The final grade in the course is calculated as follows:

  • Homework  30%

  • Mid-term  30%

  • Final Exam  40%

Required Textbook:

  • Schwiegerling:  Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics, SPIE Press, 2004.